![]() ![]() Residues of 14 of the searched-for compounds were found in samples. Multiresidue analyses were performed on these samples in order to identify residues of 16 insecticides and acaricides and two fungicides. Beeswax samples were collected once a year over 2 years from a total of 125 honey bee colonies. Studied apiaries were evenly distributed across five sites located in continental France. In 2002 a field survey was initiated in French apiaries in order to monitor the health of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.). Bee-collected pollen is shown to be a valuable tool for environmental monitoring, and for the detection of illegal uses of pesticides. This 3year survey provides further insights on the contamination caused by agricultural pesticide use on honey bee colonies. Imidacloprid had also the highest HQ level (5054, with 12% of its positive samples with HQ higher than 1000). The pesticide which was most frequently detected was the insecticide chlorpyrifos (30% of the samples overall, exceeding ARfD, ADI, or MRL in 99% of the positive ones), followed by the fungicides mandipropamid (19%), metalaxyl (16%), spiroxamine (15%), and the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (12%). Pesticide concentrations reached the level of concern for bee health (Hazard Quotient (HQ) higher than 1000) at least once in 13% of the apiaries and exceeded the thresholds of safety for human dietary intake (Acute Reference Dose (ARfD), the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), and the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL)) in 39% of the analysis. Over 3years, 18 different pesticides were detected (10 fungicides and 8 insecticides) out of 66 analysed. ![]() The overall rate of multiresidual samples (38%) was higher than the rate of single pesticide samples (24%), reaching a maximum of 7 pesticides per sample (1%). ![]() Of 554 pollen samples analysed for pesticide residues, 62% contained at least one pesticide. To better understand the extent of honey bee colonies' exposure to pesticides in time and space, we conducted a survey by collecting corbicular pollen from returning honey bee foragers in 53 Italian apiaries during the active beekeeping season of 3 subsequent years (2012–2014). Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health is compromised by complex interactions between multiple stressors, among which pesticides play a major role. ![]()
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